Mcdonald s Is The Fast Food Branch Probably Known For...

(1)Socio-cultural (2)Economic (3)Demographic (4)Political (5)Competition 1.1 Introduction I am going to describe about McDonald’s. McDonald’s is the fast food branch probably known for their great burgers. The company started in 1953 as Insta-McDonald’s, a Jacksonville, Florida-based restaurant chain. Insta a Spanish Word means Calls. After Insta-McDonald’s ran into financial difficulties in 1954, its two Miami-based franchisees, David Edgerton and James McLamore, purchased the company and renamed it McDonald’s. McDonald’s has been started in 1954 in the US. McDonald’s entered in New Zealand Market in later 1990s. Store Location As McDonald’s is a chain of fast-food restaurant. It establishes many of their fast-food restaurants in city and in Suburbs also. Here the selected Suburb is Cook Street. (Howick). Socio-cultural: In New Zealand there are many different type of people are living who belongs to the different culture, norms and values. Whenever the McDonald’s is introducing the new product in the market they must have to concerning about the ethnic groups and taste so that they can fulfill the requirements of every type of individuals. Because some people like beef or some of the different culture people do not. So they must have to provide all different type f product for the different people. Economic: Economic factors include changes in buying patterns as people s incomes rise. For example, as incomes go up people prefer to buy what they see as superiorShow MoreRelatedHistory Of Burger Fuel Restaurant And Restaurant Services Essay6353 Words   |  26 Pageshistory of Burger Fuel restaurants in New Zealand Who are we?- In 1995, the first Burger Fuel was opened in Auckland. In 2007, the company Burger Fuel Worldwide publicly floated on the syringe Eileen. On 5 May 2008, the company Burger Fuel Worldwide has announced that it has agreed its first master franchise agreement with Al Khayyat Dubai-based investment group investing LLC. They will set up and operate stores in Dubai, UAE at the end of this year. Dubai is considered as high a profile for Burger FuelRead MoreThe Mcdonald s Business Structure3657 Words   |  15 PagesMcDonald s, originated in California, USA, 1954, operates fast food restaurants all over the world has become one of the most recognized and respected brands in the world. All McDonald s restaurants offer a standard menu, including such as hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken sandwiches, French fries, desserts and ice cream sundaes. (www.McDonalds.com). The McDonald s business structure is based upon a geographic structure. The company s business is divided into four geographic sections:Read MoreMarketing Plan For A New Product / Service3939 Words   |  16 Pagesand different range of junk food which was delicious and very reasonably priced (Kowitt, 2011). It comes to be very popular in US and after which they begin to spread their wings abroad and by 1996 the amount of stores overseas stretched to 100 across the world. The greatest approach which functioned in their favour was the strategy to adopt the culture and the preferences of the people of the country in which they opened their outlet and so by doing this, McDonald`s became an instantaneous hitRead MoreMcdonals Kotlers Changes4578 Words   |  19 Pagesthe Organization The company we choose to do our project on is McDonald’s. McDonald’s immediately hit close to home when we were discussing what organization we want to examine and research. McDonald’s sparked our interest as we believe there is probably not one person in the classroom, or even in the whole institute of IDC that has never ate at least once at a McDonald’s chain or who has never seen their famous â€Å"M† logo sign off the interstate highway in any country in the world visited, and lastRead MoreQuestions On Marketing And Business Management10534 Words   |  43 Pagescompany. 1.1 (a) the type of business Chinese Pizza is one of the most preferred preferences by international students in New Zealand junk food. Pizza Mania is a new player in the catering sector. The restaurant is in a comfortable, familiar, the regulation that incorporates a rugged for lack of food choices added. Available for requirements with great food options in terms of participation focused on the family, with spouse selection for home delivery, the restaurant is set to require improvedRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company and Disney Management25371 Words   |  102 PagesFrench visitors stayed away; they had been expected to make up 50 percent of the attendance ï ¬ gures. A park services consulting ï ¬ rm framed the problem in these words: â€Å"The French see EuroDisney as American imperialism— plastics at its worst.† The well-known, sentimental Japanese attachment to Disney characters contrasted starkly with the unexpected and widespread French scorn for American fairy-tale characters. French cul ture has its own lovable cartoon characters such as Astà ©rix, the helmeted, pint-sizedRead MoreScm of Kfc13161 Words   |  53 PagesSupply Chain Management of KFC  -  December 29th, 2010 KFC Corporation (KFC), founded and also known as Kentucky Fried Chicken, is a chain of fast food restaurants based in Louisville, Kentucky, in the United States. KFC has been a brand and operating segment, termed a concept[2] of Yum! Brands since 1997 when that company was spun off from PepsiCo as Tricon Global Restaurants Inc. KFC primarily sells chicken pieces, wraps, salads and sandwiches. While its primary focus is fried chicken, KFC alsoRead MoreBusiness Ethics of Kfc6869 Words   |  28 PagesKFC, founded and also known as Kentucky Fried Chicken, is a chain of fast food restaurants based in Louisville, Kentucky and is now one of the well-known fast food restaurants which operates in more than 11,000 branches in more than 80 nations and territories throughout the world.  Examples are UK, China, Thailand, Malaysia, Kuwait, Spain and Barbados, Puerto Rico, Pakistan and many more. KFC started with Colonel Harland Sanders who grew up to become a personage the world known as Colonel Sanders throughoutRead MoreMarketing Project of Reckitt Benckiser19417 Words   |  78 PagesLondon, UK, it has operations in over 60 countries, including 42 manufacturing facilities, and sales in nearly 200countries. RB is ranked 6th in the 2008 European Business Week 50, the magazines annual ranking of the best performing companies within the Samp;P European 350.The companys strategy is to have a highly focused portfolio concentrating on its 17 most profitable brands, which were responsible for 62% of net revenues in 2008. 35% of net revenues come from products launched in the past threeRead MoreMarketing Project of Reckitt Benckiser19403 Words   |  78 PagesLondon, UK, it has operations in over 60 countries, including 42 manufacturing facilities, and sales in nearly 200countries. RB is ranked 6th in the 2008 European Business Week 50, the magazines annual ranking of the best performing companies within the Samp;P European 350.The companys strategy is to have a highly focused portfolio concentrating on its 17 most profitable brands, which were responsible for 62% of net revenues in 2008. 35% of net revenues come from products launched in the past three

The Food And Drug Administration - 1302 Words

There are many aspects of the Food and Drug Administration’s current regulations that are of great concern to many. For instance, the regulation of GMOs, or genetically modified organisms, is a largely debated subject, especially in relation to genetically modified food, or GM food. As described by nongmoproject.com, â€Å"GMOs, or â€Å"genetically modified organisms,† are plants or animals that have been genetically engineered with DNA from bacteria, viruses, or other plants and animals. These experimental combinations of genes from different species cannot occur in nature or in traditional crossbreeding.† Most of the American population may not even realize this, but according to nongmoproject.com: â€Å"In the U.S., GMOs are in as much as 80% of†¦show more content†¦The FDA does not require companies in the food industry to provide any labeling for their product if it contains GMOs. Many of the scientists that support genetic engineering claim that GM foods are safe for human consumption. But the practice of genetically engineering an organism in a lab to possess certain qualities is far from natural. There are several reasons that scientists are working to genetically engineer many plant and animal species. Scientists claim that they are genetically engineering many animals so that they have pharmacological qualities that may benefit human health. (Food-borne illnesses) There is a risk of transferring a disease from animals to humans. Much like the problems with using antibiotics in animals, engineering an animal to be resistant to certain viruses could result in super bugs or more antibiotic resistant viruses. Some animals are being genetically engineered so that they are better for marketing. Chickens, for example, are being engineered to grow larger breast. Cattle are being modified so that they grow faster and are even engineered so that they produce less pollution; supposedly a plus for the environment. Certain species o f fish, such as salmon, are being engineered so that they produce more of the healthy fat, omega-3. This may seem innocuous enough, but these animals are being genetically engineered in ways that would primarily benefit the farmers and

Genesis Gonzalez Free Essays

Genesis GonzalezApril 18, 2018DefenseAngelia Alam – Opening StatementMatthew Tem- ChemicalRthura Cevallos- MedicalMayra Reyes- GeologistOdorico SanNicolas- EpidemiologyGenesis Gonzalez Riley Desmarais- Companies/expert witnessesLily K. – Closing StatementStatement of ChargeSchlichtmann charged W.R. We will write a custom essay sample on Genesis Gonzalez or any similar topic only for you Order Now Grace Company, of New York, and Beatrice Foods Company, of Chicago, claiming both companies had contaminated two municipal wells in East Woburn. W.R. Grace Company and Beatrice Foods Company are being charged individually for incorrectly disposing the following chemicals:Trichloroethylene (TCE) Tetrachloroethylene (PCE)1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA)1,2-trans-dichloroethylene (DCE)Chloroform. W.R. Grace Company and Beatrice Foods Company are both individually responsible for exposing the residents of Woburn, Massachusetts to the toxic amounts of chemicals and/or the dangerous illnesses, mental disease, and emotional sufferings brought about by the contamination of the water through chemicals in wells G and H. Some of the known causes of these exposing oneself to such chemicals are leukemia/ other cancers, damage to one’s organs, neurological problems, disease, and even cardiac arrhythmias.Statement of ResponsibilityI, Genesis Gonzalez, am representing W.R. Grace ; Company along with Beatrice Foods Company. Both companies are being blamed by the plaintiffs for not properly disposing of the chemicals which were found in the wells, and they are charging us for their children becoming ill and acquiring leukemia. Neither of these companies had any involvement in the contamination of wells G and H, where the residents of Woburn received their water. Both W.R. Grace ; Company and Beatrice Foods Company followed all regulations which were required at the time of the incident. It seems the river was believed to be already contaminated before arriving to the wells, thus explaining why even though the companies’ disposed chemicals into the river, leukemia did not come from either of the companies sources. There is no way the companies are to blame for the plaintiffs claims because they managed the wells not the water in those wells. Therefore, the chemicals that were used from W.R. Grace Company and Beatrice Foods Company have no relation to the children of certain residents getting leukemia, as other members from my group have tried to state and prove. They need someone to blame for this series of unfortunate events and since W.R. Grace Company and Beatrice Foods Company were local companies, they put the blame on them.Evidence for ArgumentW.R. Grace Company and Beatrice Foods Company are being held responsible for the illness and resulting deaths of children of the residents in the Woburn, Massachusetts area due to the contamination of wells G and H which, according to the parents of the children, gave them leukemia. W.R. Grace Company did dispose their waste in the river behind the plants each evening and even though it tested positive for Trichloroethylene, it could not have been the cause to the illness and death of the children. W.R. Grace Company followed all regulations to the best of their ability in that time period to keep the company safe, and they did because the chemicals they disposed of, as displayed by our experts, cannot be found in leukemia. Wells G and H were not contaminated by the company’s disposal of chemicals, but rather by the flow of the river water. We have reasons to believe the river water was contaminated before it reached wells G and H. Trichloroethylene could have been part of what created leukemia, however, it was not only Trichloroethylene, which is what the plaintiffs are arguing we disposed of incorrectly. It is stated in Woburn’s City Hall that â€Å"Woburn’s public water supply is over 125 years old, one of the oldest systems in the state. Development of the water supply system closely followed the growth of the city’s population and industry.† This statement goes to show that the water supply in Woburn was old and could have been one of the reasons for it being contaminated which makes W.R. Grace Company not to blame, but rather the government.Beatrice Foods Company purchased fifteen acres of land in the Woburn area where wells G and H belonged. The investigators found a dozen decaying barrels of waste that containedsome Trichloroethylene, but they were decaying because they were left for such a long period of time, leading to the conclusion that this could not have been a valid reason to charge Beatrice Foods Company. The decaying barrels were simply on the property Beatrice Foods Company owned, they did no damage to the river nor the wells. Hence, this charge is invalid towards this Beatrice Foods Company because the barrels were simply placed there and a photograph has proven the waste shown. â€Å"Historic aerial photographs of the site showed drums of waste present on the site as early as 1968.† This quote gives proof that Beatrice Foods Company had no way of contaminating wells G and H. Although Trichloroethylene was found in these barrels, as the other experts have already testified, Trichloroethylene alone could not have caused leukemia- it was the river which was contaminated with other chemicals which reacted to the Trichloroethylene. Since Beatrice Foods Company had the barrels on the side of their property it gave the wells more contact with the river. W.R. Grace Company and Beatrice Foods Company are both excellent companies and would never intentionally do anything to result i n the illness and/or death of a human being. Therefore having the plaintiffs accuse both of these companies for causing multiple illnesses and deaths for not correctly disposing of chemicals is wrong because it was not their fault. The plaintiffs saw this as an opportunity to put the blame on these big companies since they were neighboring the properties to wells G and H, along with the actions they took, but as has been proven, the disposal of the chemicals and the barrels could not have contaminated the wells. Both companies followed the regulations in place for the enhancement of a safe environment within and outside the company. No real identified harm came from the companies, it was simply an accusation to get retribution for the sickness and death of the Woburn children. The chemical, epidemiology, and medical experts, along with the geologist of this case have helped bring in evidence, along with my evidence, to display that Trichloroethylene had slight to zero ties towards leukemia, instead it was the river being alread y polluted when it reached wells G and H. How the chemicals were handled could not have caused leukemia. In the end, the government knew the people of Woburn would be drinking from wells G and H and had the responsibility to ensure the water being drank met the Federal Safe Water Drinking Act standards, making them to blame for allowing the wells to get exposed to whatever caused leukemia.References†Case Summary.† A Civil Action- The Woburn Toxic Trial. N.p., 14 Nov.2016. Web. 16 Apr. 2017. This reference was used in my paper to prove the actions taken against W.R. Grace Company and Beatrice Foods Company and how the plaintiffs were wrong.Chesler, David.†Woburn’s Water Supply.† Woburn’s Water Supply: Clean and Safe. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Apr. 2017. This reference showed it was neither W.R. Grace Company nor Beatrice Foods Company’s fault the children became sick then died, but rather the government’s because they had the responsibility to ensure the safeness of the water since the public drinks from those wells.Myette, Charles F. â€Å"Excerpts from Area of Influence and Zone of Contribution to Superfund Site Wells G ; H Woburn, Massachusetts.† Beyond A Civil Action, U.S. Geological Survey Report. N.p.,01 Nov. 2006. Web. 16 Apr. 2017. This reference points out all of the chemicals found in the river that W.R. Grace Company and Beatrice Foods Company had no relation, thus proving it was not their fault. It also claims leukemia could not have been caused just by this one chemical that the companies were. How to cite Genesis Gonzalez, Papers

Music Sheet Essay Example For Students

Music Sheet Essay As defined in Websters New World Dictionary, Third Edition,telecommuting is an electronic mode of doing work outside the office thattraditionally has been done in the office, as by computer terminal in theemployees home. Basically, it is working at home utilizing current technology,such as computers, modems, and fax machines. Traditionally, people havecommuted by cars, buses, trains, and subways, to work and back. Through theinnovation of telecommuting, , the actual necessity to change location in orderto accomplish this task has been challenged on the basis of concerns for energyconservation, loss of productivity, and other issues. One advantage of telecommuting is energy conservation. A tremendousamount of energy is required to produce transportation equipment such asautomobiles, buses trains, and subways. If telecommuting is promoted, therewill be less use of this equipment and less energy will be required forproduction, maintenance, and repair of this equipment. Fuel resources needed tooperate this equipment will be reduced. The building and repair of highways andmaintenance requires a large consumption of energy, not only in the operation ofthe highway construction and repair equipment, but also in the manufacture andtransportation of the required materials. An increase in the percentage ofpeople telecommuting to work will decrease the need for expanded highways andassociated road maintenance. The first two areas related to getting to work. We will write a custom essay on Music Sheet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Once a person arrives at a central office working location, he or she representsanother energy consumer, often times magnified many times over what would berequired at home. The office building has heating, cooling, and lighting needs,and the materials to build it and maintain it require energy in their productionand transportation. Working from home requires only modest incremental demandson energy for heating, cooling, and lighting needs, and makes effective use ofexisting building space and facilities. Telecommuting also improves productivity. Much time is spent onunnecessary activities by people who commute back and forth to work in theconventional manner. Time is wasted from the minute one gets up to go to workuntil the minute one returns home from work. With telecommuting, one no longerneeds to be always preparing for the commute and for being presentable. Onecan go to work simply by tossing on a robe and slippers, grabbing a cup ofcoffee and sitting down to the terminal. You would no longer have to worry ifthe car will start, if your clothes are neat, or if youre perfectly groomed. That may still be important to you, but it no longer has to be. And you are nolonger interrupted by the idle chatter that inevitably takes place at thecentral work place some of it useful for your work, but a lot of it is just awaste of time and a perpetual interruption. As quoted in Computerworld, onetelecommuter comments I was feeling really cramped in our old office. I find Ican get much more done. It is much more quiet here at home. In addition, telecommuting reduces family related stress by allowinginvolvement with family and flexibility in location of a remote worksite. Working in the home offers people a greater opportunity to share quality timewith family members, to promote family values and develop stronger family tiesand unity. Also, time saved through telecommuting could be spent with familymembers constructively in ways that promote and foster resolution of familyproblems. Since the actual location a telecommuter works from isnt relevant,the person could actually move to another town. This would alleviate the stresscaused when a spouse has an opportunity to pursue his or her career in anothertown and must choose between a new opportunity or no opportunity, because theirspouse does not want to or cannot change employment. If either person couldtelecommute, the decision would be much easier. .ua4058095a8c1286736d0d839cf32e8a0 , .ua4058095a8c1286736d0d839cf32e8a0 .postImageUrl , .ua4058095a8c1286736d0d839cf32e8a0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua4058095a8c1286736d0d839cf32e8a0 , .ua4058095a8c1286736d0d839cf32e8a0:hover , .ua4058095a8c1286736d0d839cf32e8a0:visited , .ua4058095a8c1286736d0d839cf32e8a0:active { border:0!important; } .ua4058095a8c1286736d0d839cf32e8a0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua4058095a8c1286736d0d839cf32e8a0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua4058095a8c1286736d0d839cf32e8a0:active , .ua4058095a8c1286736d0d839cf32e8a0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua4058095a8c1286736d0d839cf32e8a0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua4058095a8c1286736d0d839cf32e8a0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua4058095a8c1286736d0d839cf32e8a0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua4058095a8c1286736d0d839cf32e8a0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua4058095a8c1286736d0d839cf32e8a0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua4058095a8c1286736d0d839cf32e8a0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua4058095a8c1286736d0d839cf32e8a0 .ua4058095a8c1286736d0d839cf32e8a0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua4058095a8c1286736d0d839cf32e8a0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Better Life with Cooking EssayAlso, telecommuting promotes safety by reducing high way use by peoplerushing to get to work. There are thousands of traffic-related deaths everyyear and thousands more people severely injured trying to get to work. Inaddition there is substantial property loss associated with traffic accidentsthat occur as people take chances in order to make the mad dash from home to theoffice. Often times people have mad the trip so often that they are not reallyalert, often falling asleep and frequently becoming frustrated by the insistencethat they come into the office every day, when, in fact, most, if not all oftheir work could be accomplished from thei r home or sites much closer to theirhome. Telecommuting, however does have its disadvantages. The most obviousdisadvantage is the overwhelming cost of starting a telecommuting program. Astudy by Forrester Research, Inc. reveals that it costs $30,000 to $45,000 ahead to train prospective telecommuters. After the first year, however, per-user spending is cut to about $4,000, also, employees are starting to seetelecommuting policies as a benefit, and companies offering it will be morecompetitive. Another disadvantage is the psychological impact is may have onemployees. Executives who have labored for years to win such corporate statussymbols as secretaries and luxurious corner offices are reluctant to shed theirhard-won perks. Some employees also complain that their creativity hasbeen dampened by lack of interaction with their co-workers. Despite the disadvantages, though, telecommuting is a viable option toany future plan to preserve and protect our environment from encroachment andpollution caused by auto emissions and the consumption of land by enlargedhighways and an increasing area for parking. A telecommuting program can be putin place by following a few tips from Mindy Blodgett in her article Lower costsspur move to more telecommuting:Form a telecommuting team that includes technical experts,upper managers and human resources staff, and assign a telework coordinator. Contact other companies to learn from their experiences. Train participants and supervisors. Monitor the program through surveys before and after a pilot. Measuring productivity in actual dollars is difficult. The actualproductivity is best measured by the satisfaction and enjoyment by employees. Music Essays

Eradication of Beauty Pageants an Example by

Eradication of Beauty Pageants The concept of beauty in the society relies on the messages and images that people see on media. Undeniably, the images of women on media sources have become the constructed reality for people which have been hard for women in twentieth century. Most people would probably say that the real beauty lies deep inside the person and that the way a person behaves would still be the measurement of his or her personality; however, the existence of external factors that affect women to dress and act like what they have seen on television have been evident in the society. Need essay sample on "Eradication of Beauty Pageants" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Beauty pageants were introduced in the society in the middle of nineteenth century. This event aims to search for the most beautiful woman with the right combination of beauty, talent, and personality (Scranton, 278). Since then, more women have become interested to join in this prestigious event that promises honor, fame, awards, and a princess in a fairy tale moment of her young life. The beauty pageants serve as a beauty competition among ladies in a specific height and age, a promotional event to attract tourism, and a tool for exploring and celebrating ethnic identity. The crown holder after the show has responsibilities and tasks to accomplish and serve as the representative of a certain institution or country to bigger events. The organizers have never failed to invite the aspiring beauty queens to participate in this event; in fact, most women even prepare themselves and wait for the announcement regarding the start of the registration and audition. Over the century, the mainstream has witnessed the changes of womens role in the society; in fact, this kind of event manifests the recognition of the people to the ability of women in participating to this kind of occasion. This may sound ironic because beauty pageants often portray the vulnerability of women rather than promoting them to a higher status in the society where the people live and survive through the culture and stereotypes that they have acquired from the past generation. Moreover, this representation of womanhood has been generating variety of responses that reflect societal conflicts beyond gender roles. While some women support beauty pageants and advocate that women who compete in the battle of beauty and brain are role models for young women and that this event provide extraordinary opportunities to them, some are criticizing the pageants because of its oppressive appeal to the society (Lind & Brzyzy, 32). The people get used to seeing beautiful ladies in swim su its or long dresses posing, walking, and turning while displaying their skinny bodies in front of the judges, and millions of television viewers around the world (Yano, 18). Even though the organizers and participants have been claiming that beauty pageants aim to promote women and their necessity in the society, its entire concept seem to offend women in every way that might dress and name them of new terms of stereotyping. Through beauty pageants, the young women adapt the ideas that this kind of event portray in the mainstream. In the feminist view, this event portrays women as sex object and depicts the vulnerability of women which can only be covered by their beauty and attractiveness. Moreover, it sets women in a social standardization wherein the people expect women to dress and act exactly the way participants did during the competition. Undeniably, beauty pageants have a strong appeal on women making them conform to the images that the organizers and the media convey during the event. The long legged skinny women in a two-piece costume put women to the pedestal making the society think that all women should dress and walk like them in order to b e considered as beautiful and attractive. In this manner, the women are being dressed in a new form of fashion trends which give them pressures to follow to the images of these aspiring beauty queens. Despite many criticisms, there has been increasing number of women who are willing to participate and show their talents and beauty on stage (Dave et al, 213). The indescribable emotion attached to the word pageant has been a mystery which most women are aiming to learn and experience as they walk into the spot light. Apparently, beauty pageants have become a popular culture which continuously grow and improve as the world conforms to modernity (Kramarae et al, 105). The exposure of sexy women on television has great impacts on the body image of other women especially the young ones. Through these images, the young adults become conscious of their physical appearance. The thin images of participants also make them think that women are only beautiful at the standard size which has been set by this kind of event. The beauty pageants have become the reflection of real women that should be respected in the society because of their appearance on stage and the fame that they get from parti cipating to this event. Instead of promoting the essence of women and gaining the respect of the society, beauty pageants are undeniably setting a new standard for them making them more oppressed in the society. The mainstream thinks that a woman should have a long hair, possesses a skinny and sexy body, and owns beautiful dresses and accessories to be able to gain the unordinary treatment of the public. These perfect images do not only portray modern women as young and sexy, but these presentations oppress women in the society wherein most women are already educated and possessing degrees which they could consider as real crowns in the post modern world. Beauty pageants are undeniably entertaining not only for women but also for the whole community because of the excitement that these kinds of shows bring in every episode; however, it also serve as a threat for women that slowly put them below the standard image in the mainstream and put them on the marginalized section of the society. Works Cited Dave, S. Nishime, L. & Oren, T. East Main Street: Asian American Popular Culture. New York: NYU Press, 2005 Kramarae, Cheris & Spender, Dale. Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women. New York: Routledge, 2000 Lind, Amy & Brzuzy, Stephanie. Battleground: Women, Gender and Sexuality. USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008 Scranton, Philip. Beauty and business: commerce, gender, and culture in modern America. New York: Routledge, 2001 Yano. Christine. Crowning the nice girl: gender, ethnicity, and culture in Hawaii's Cherry Blossom Festival. USA: University of Hawaii Press, 2006

A Short Definition of Landscape Archaeology

A Short Definition of Landscape Archaeology Landscape archaeology has been defined in a number of ways over the past couple of decades. It is both an archaeological technique and a theoretical construct- a way for archaeologists to look at the past as the integration of people and their surroundings. Born in part as the result of new technologies (geographic information systems, remote sensing, and geophysical surveys have all contributed greatly to this study) landscape archaeological studies have facilitated broad regional studies and the examination of elements not readily visible in traditional studies such as roads and agricultural fields. Although landscape archaeology in its present form is decidedly a modern investigative study, its roots can be found as early as the 18th century antiquarian studies of William Stukely and in the early 20th century with work by the geographer Carl Sauer. World War II impacted the study by making aerial photography more accessible to scholars. Settlement pattern studies created by Julian Steward and Gordon R. Willey in the mid-century influenced later scholars, who collaborated with geographers on such landscape-based studies as central place theory and statistical models of spatial archaeology. Critiques of Landscape Archaeology By the 1970s, the term landscape archaeology came into use and the idea began to take shape. By the 1990s, the post-processual movement was underway and landscape archaeology, in particular, took its lumps. Criticisms suggested that landscape archaeology focused on the geographical features of the landscape but, like much of processual archaeology, left the people out. What was missing was the influence people have on shaping environments and the way both people and environment intersect and affect one another. Other critical objections were with the technologies themselves, that the GIS, satellite imagery, and air photos used to define the landscape were distancing the study from the researchers by privileging the research with the visual aspects of a landscape over other sensual aspects. Looking at a map- even a large scale and detailed one- defines and limits the analysis of a region into a specific data set, allowing researchers to hide behind scientific objectivity and ignore the sensual aspects associated with actually living within a landscape. New Aspects Again, as a result of new technologies, some landscape archaeologists have attempted to build in the sensuality of a landscape and the people who inhabit it using hypertext theories. The impact of the Internet, oddly enough, has led to a broader, non-linear representation of archaeology as a whole, and landscape archaeology in particular. That involves inserting into standard texts such sidebar elements as reconstruction drawings, alternative explanations, oral histories, or imagined events as well as attempts to free the ideas from text-bound strategies by using three-dimensional software-supported reconstructions. These sidebars allow the scholar to continue to present the data in a scholarly manner but reach for a broader interpretive discourse. Of course, following that (explicitly phenomenological) path requires that the scholar apply liberal amounts of imagination. The scholar by definition is based in the modern world and carries with him or her the background and biases of his or her cultural history. With the inclusion of more and more international studies (that is, those that are less dependent on Western scholarship), landscape archaeology has the potential to provide the public with comprehensible presentations of what can otherwise be dry, inaccessible papers. Landscape Archaeology in the 21st Century The science of landscape archaeology today melds theoretical underpinnings from ecology, economic geography, anthropology, sociology, philosophy, and social theory from Marxism to feminism. The social theory portion of landscape archaeology points to the ideas of the landscape as a social construct- that is, the same piece of ground holds different meanings to different people, and that idea should be explored. The dangers and delights of phenomenologically-based landscape archaeology are outlined in an article by MH Johnson in the 2012 Annual Review of Anthropology, which should be read by any scholar working in the field. Sources Ashmore W, and Blackmore C. 2008. Landscape Archaeology. In: Pearsall DM, editor-in-chief. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. p 1569-1578. Fleming A. 2006. Post-processual landscape archaeology: A critique. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 16(3):267-280. Johnson MH. 2012. Phenomenological Approaches in Landscape Archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology 41(1):269-284. Kvamme KL. 2003. Geophysical Surveys as Landscape Archaeology. American Antiquity 68(3):435-457. McCoy, Mark D. New Developments in the Use of Spatial Technology in Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Research, Thegn N. Ladefoged, Volume 17, Issue 3, SpringerLink, September 2009. Wickstead H. 2009. The Uber Archaeologist: Art, GIS and the male gaze revisited. Journal of Social Archaeology 9(2):249-271.

Reflection Paper on Passing by Nella Larsen Term

Reflection on Passing by Nella Larsen - Term Paper Example Irene was a woman who hated racism. Irene learns that Clare has been hiding her African inheritance throughout her wedding. Heatedly, Irene returns home and decides to keep away from Clare, but finds herself yielding to Clare's attraction once again. Clare wants to retort the black community and induces Irene to invite her to a social circle. During the dance, Irene resentfully comprehends that Clare seems to get along with everyone and grows disappointed with her. When Irene repeatedly watches Clare's luck augment concerning her hazardous risks, she feels endangered and in the end, kills Clare by pushing her out of the window. Not only does Clare pass in skin shade, but she also passes in societal rank, which intimidates Irene's outlook of the idyllic middle-class African American. Because Clare passes for white, marries a rich man and hides her African race. Although Irene resented the way Clare hid her African race but still she supported her because of the racial ties she shares with her. As Clare was afraid of what will happen if she will show that she is African. She thought that her social class will fall and she will lose all friends but Irene didn’t believe it to be true but still she doesn’t go against her as this would be against her rules as well.

What evidence is there that the Iliad was composed before the art of Research Paper

What evidence is there that the Iliad was composed before the art of writing was applied to the composition of poetry - Research Paper Example The two sets of evidence are considered together with the intention of finding a definitive answer to this question. In the introduction to the text of the poem in English G.S. Kirk points out that the Greeks started to use writing around 725 B.C. which was relatively late compared to their neighbours, the Mesopotamians who had used their cuneiform script for some thousand years already. (Kirk, 2008, p. ix). Using items like figure scenes and vases, quotations in other poets, and mention of the Iliad and Odyssey in other surviving writings, Kirk notes that historians have dated the composition of The Iliad been around this time, or possibly as late as 680 B.C,. Archaeological evidence and historic individuals mentioned in the text would suggest that the battles between the Greeks and the Trojans which are described in the poem took place another 600 years before the time of Homer, around 1200 B.C. This means that a very long time had passed before the material came to be worked on by Homer. It is theoretically possible that even older oral versions existed on which Homer perhaps based his work. There is no evidence of this, however, and so older sources have to remain a speculation. It is clear that in the time of Homer, Greek civilization was not heavily dependent on writing. There are some inscriptions from this period but they are very brief. The technical limitations of the early Greek script made it unlikely that Homer could have made much use of it as a writing aid for such a long poem, according to Kirk. Moreover, Kirk points out that the audience for the poem were certainly not readers: â€Å" He (= Homer) composed for people who were essentially non-literate, who listened to poetry as their ancestors had†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kirk, 2008, p. x) This dating evidence proves that there was plenty of poetry existing in written form before Homer came along. The Epic of Gilgamesh, for example, was written in Sumerian script, and dates from around 2000 B.C., well be fore the Trojan wars. The Iliad was composed in Greek many centuries after this, and so in an absolute sense it is not true to say that it was composed before anyone had used writing for poetry. In a local and Greek sense, however, this is a possibility worth investigation, because the Greeks may indeed have composed, performed, heard,and preserved The Iliad in only oral form. Scholars have carefully studied the surviving text of The Iliad to try and work out if there are clues to its origin in the way it is written. The presence of many formulaic phrases which are repeated again and again is explained as a feature of oral literature: the hexameter form requires that a certain rhythm be maintained, and so these ready-made little phrases are called upon to fill spaces in the poetic line in a predictable way. An example of this is the way the named characters in the epic have a little descriptive phrase attached to them such as â€Å"Agamemnon, Atreus’ son† (Book 1, p. 1 ) which is varied as â€Å"The son of Atreus,/ ruler of the great plain, Agamemnon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Book 1, p. 3) or â€Å"†¦ son of Atreus, tamer of horses (Book 2, p. 18). These epithets add interest to the story because the heroes are mentioned often, and it could become even more repetitive if the simple names were used without these variations. Finnegan explains the so-called â€Å"Homeric epithet† as a structural device: â€Å"The poet had at his disposal this series of traditional patterns built up over

Budnet Bi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Budnet Bi - Essay Example According to the assessment made in the year 2008, the company had 48% of market share within the US market, however in the year 2006 it was 49% and in the year 2005, it was 50%. This consecutive reduction of market share implies that the company has been facing a downfall in its business (Anheuser-Busch InBev, â€Å"About AB InBev†). Anheuser-Busch was facing considerable price restriction as well as business pressure before implementing ‘BudNet’, a network based data warehousing solution system. By considering the US beer market, it can be observed that it was primarily a mature market but with flat consumption level. This scenario occurred due to three reasons, firstly, effective consciousness regarding the issues related to alcohol, slow growth of population as well as age factor of population. In relation to the year 2005, the beer market reached its saturation stage where most of the consumers were very much conscious about the consumption level of alcohol. In the US, the largest beer consuming segment is the young adult group. Thus, these significant aspects created considerable business pressure for Anheuser-Busch while operating in the US market. According to the assessment of the year 2005, it is viewed that US beer market had reached the saturation stage. Majority of the beer manufacturing corporations focused on emerging markets whereas the supply level of the products automatically decreased in the developed markets. The US domestic beer market was primarily in mature stage in the industry life cycle with flat consumption level. In the US, young adults were the significant market segment, whereas other age group consumers had become very much conscious about the consumption of alcohol. From the case study, it is viewed that in the US, Anheuser-Busch’s market share was continuously declining i.e. in the year 2005, company had 50% market share, in the year 2006 it had reached 49% of

Criteria For The Project Success Management Essay

Criteria For The Project Success Management Essay Lundin and Soderholm (1995) illustrates the project as a temporary organization and assert the time conception as one of the four distinguishing features of temporary organizations from permanent organizations (task, team and transition are other three distinguishing features). Cleland and King in 1983 (cited in Cooke-Davies, T. J. 2001) adopted a similar approach by the following project definition: A complex effort to achieve a specific objective within a schedule and budget target, which typically cuts across organisational lines, is unique, and is usually not repetitive within the organisation. Moreover, recent definitions expanded the project definition to include the product and /or service as the project outcomes. For example Duncan (1996) defines project as A temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product or service. Temporary means that the project has a definite ending point and unique means that the product or service differs in some distinguishing way from all similar products or services. However, as expectations from projects increase, the definitions for project evolved to reflect this. Thus, Turner and Mà ¼ller (2003) incorporate the idea of beneficial change that product of the project is expected to deliver, to the project definition. Thus, they define a project as a temporary organisation that aims to create a unique service or product that brings added value or delivers beneficial change (Turner and Muller, 2003). Eventhough, there are various project definitions that have been accumulated for almost 50 years, the review of literature revealed that defined start and end, a common objective and complex set of activities are the three most common features that are shared by every project and thus present in almost every project definition. 2.2 Project Success: Although project success is a core project management concept, a review of the project management literature reveals that there is no standardized definition of a project success in the project management literature (Baccarini, 1999). The success of a project is perceived differently by different success assessors (Shenhar et al., 2001). Therefore, as Prabhakar (2008, p. 3) noted the only agreement seems to be the disagreement on what constitutes project success. According to Pinto Slevin (1988) based on their study conducted with over 650 project managers, the project success is not only meeting cost, schedule, and performance requirements rather it requires satisfaction of more complex specifications, such as client satisfaction. Baker, Murphy and Fisher (1983, 1988 as cited in Prabhakar, 2008 and Cooke-Davies, 2001) discuss that client satisfaction has been achieved together with the end result has a vital influence on the perceived success or failure of projects (Prabhakar, 2008 ). In a similar fashion, Baker, Murphy and Fisher (1983, 1988 as cited in Prabhakar, 2008, p.4) states that In the long run, what really matters is whether the parties associated with, and affected by, a project are satisfied. Good schedule and cost performance means very little in the face of a poor performing end product De Wit (1988), on the contrary, defines project success as the assessment of project outcomes against cost, time and quality (as cited in Cooke-Davies, 2001 and Prabhakar, 2008). However, he points out to a distinction between the project success and project management success, which he defines as measurement of project outcomes against the overall project objectives that will be discussed by most of the researchers interested in this subject area. Furthermore, another attempt at developing a viable foundation for project success definition was by Baccarini (1999), who attempts to contribute to this gap in the literature by his logical framework method (LFM). The LFM model distinguishes between four levels of project objectives, namely goal, purpose, output, and input, provides a comprehensive framework for defining, as well as, comprehending the project success concept. Baccarini (1999), just as some of his colleagues, based his work on De Wits (1988) a decade old research. Similarl y, Baccarini (1999) differentiates between project management success and the product success, instead of project success. Product success is related with goals and objective, while project management success is related with the project outputs and inputs. On the other hand, another stream of researchers, including Pinto and Slevin (1987), Belassi and Tukel (1996), Lim and Mohamed (1999) prefer not to distinguish between project management success and project success as two distinct concepts rather consider project management success as being part of and contributing to project success. Lim and Mohamed (1999) took a further step and conducted a study to determine criteria for assessing project success by different stakeholders. Since as Baccarini (1999) notes that criteria for assessing project success has vital importance in preventing the project and its team members from holding different views on project success which contributes to project failure. Therefore, it is fundamental to determine and agree upon the criteria satisfying various stakeholders, who have different perceptions of project success. 2.3 Criteria for the Project Success: According to Lim and Mohamed (1999, p.243), Success criteria is defined as the set of principles or standards by which project success can be judged. Early research on project success criteria adopted the so-called Iron Triangle of time, budget and quality as the set of principles for evaluating the success of a project. Almost 40 years ago, Oisen (1971) proposed budget, time and quality as the project success criteria. Many scholars accepted this set of success criteria but also noted the necessity to take into consideration other criteria for the project Success (Turner, 1993; de Witt, 1998; Pinto and Slevin, 1988). More recently, this set of criteria has been evaluated as being insufficient for assessing the project success comprehensively (Turner, 1993; Jugdev and Mà ¼ller, 2005). To illustrate this point, according to Jugdev and Mà ¼ller (2005), assessing project outcomes only with respect to time, cost and, quality is to consider only operational level project management as o pposed to anything of strategic value. Jugdev and Mà ¼ller (2005) focussed on evaluating project success based on the organizational aspects that are internal to the project, leaving out external ones as being too complicated. Nevertheless, there are researchers, such as Pinto and Mantel (1990), who tend to include both internal and external aspects of a project organization, as well as, complex criteria in assessing project success such as, stakeholder satisfaction, stakeholder community benefits, organization benefits, etc. (Pinto and Mantel, 1990; Atkinson, 1999; Wateridge, 1998). Pinto and Mantel (1990) proposed two additional success criteria, namely, the quality of the project as it is perceived by the project team and an external performance indicator of both project and its team performance (e.g. client satisfaction) in addition to the efficiency of implementation phase criterion that assesses the project success in relation to internal performance indicators, and the Iron Triangle. Similarly, in a subsequent study, Andersen and Jessen (2000), who attempt to assess project success with respect to the task- and people-oriented aspects, defined project success criteria further into 10 elements. These elements, besides the traditional Iron Triangle components of time, budget, and quality, include the degree of importance of the products to the base organization, the results as perceived by all stakeholders, the learning experience, motivation for future work, knowledge acquisition, the final report preparation method, and the way of project termination (Andersen Jessen, 2000). Andersen and Jessen (2000) thus provided a more holistic picture for assessing the success of a project. Lim and Mohamed (1999), on the other hand, in their study attempted to justify this diversity in perception of project success criteria. They concluded different stakeholders perspectives on project success criteria, such as those of the project manager, the project team, the client, and the general public, as being the reason for different perspectives on project success criteria. In addition, Lim Mohamed (1999) note success criteria as one of two constituents of the project success. The other constituent of the project success are Critical Success Factors (CSFs), which will be reviewed in the following section. 2.4 Critical Success Factors: It was Daniel in 1961 (as cited in Amberg et al, 2005), who first coined the term success factors in management literature. In his study, he came up with a set of industry-related CSFs that are claimed to be relevant for any company in a particular industry. Anthony, on the other hand, in 1972 (cited in Amberg et al, 2005), discussed the need for adaptation of CSFs to a companys and its managers specific strategic objectives. Then, based on the both perspectives by Daniel (1961, cited in Amberg et al, 2005) and Anthony et al. (1972, cited in Amberg et al, 2005), Rockart (1979, cited in Amberg et al, 2005) conducted a study that involved three organizations. He found out that organizations despite operating in the same industry may have different CSFs due to differences in geographic locations, strategies etc. Then on, studies on identifying CSFs for different industry projects proliferated in the project management literature. According to Cooke-Davis (2002) researchers have been trying to find out those factors that are critical to project success since the late 1960s. Therefore, the review of literature on CSFs reveals several definitions. The following CSF definition by Rockart (1979, cited in Amberg et al, 2005) is one of the most cited: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the limited number of areas in which results, if they are satisfactory, will ensure successful competitive performance for the organization. In subsequent studies CSFs are defined as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ characteristics, conditions or variables that, when properly sustained, maintained, or managed, can have a significant impact on the success of a firm competing in particular industry by Bruno and Leidecker (1984, p. 24). Whereas, as factors which, if addressed, significantly improve project implementation chances by Pinto and Slevin in 1987 (p.22). Lim and Mohamed (1999, p. 243) define critical success factors (CSFs) as the set of circumstances, facts, or influences which contribute to the project outcomes. 2.5 Critical Success Factors and the Projects: During the 1970s-1980s, critical success factor requirements had been addressed rather as a response to the indicators of project success at the implementation phase, focussing on time, cost, and quality, as well as, stakeholder satisfaction (Jugdev and Mà ¼ller, 2005). It was Pinto and Slevin (1987), who first attempted to develop a comprehensive set of CSFs related to project implementation success. In their work, they propose a project implementation profile (PIP) model, which consists of 10 CSFs, namely, project mission, top management support, project schedule/plan, client consultation, personnel, communication, technical tasks, client acceptance, monitoring and feedback, troubleshooting, determining project success. Additionally, the PIP model of 10 CSFs, is claimed to be suitable as an instrument for project managers to measure those factors (Pinto and Slevin, 1987). Later, Pinto and Prescott (1988), take a further step by determining the relative importance of 10 CSFs over the life of a project and discover that the relative importance of several CSFs vary at different phases of the project life cycle. The generalized 10 CSFs of the project implementation process (PIP) have also been employed as a model for many project types in several studies (Pinto and Prescott, 1988, Finch 2003, and Hyvari, 2006). However, the factors identified by Pinto and Slevin are not likely to cover every aspect involved in project management. Finch (2003) indicates that the PIP model does not take into consideration a number of significant external factors that affect the success of a project, such as, competence of the project manager, political activities within the organization, external organizational and environmental factors, and responsiveness to the perceived need of project implementation. Nevertheless, subsequent research, conducted during the 1990s-2000s, i ncorporate the stakeholder issue, as well as, interactions between internal and receiving organizations as factors that are critical for a project success (Jugdev and Mà ¼ller, 2005). Moreover, in pursuit of providing a comprehensive CSF framework, there have also been attempts that integrate CSFs categorizations and frameworks with project success criteria. Belassi and Tukel in their study conducted in 1996, criticize previous studies, whose critical success factors are mainly focused on the project manager and project organization. They incorporate characteristics of the project and team members, as well as external factors, into their framework. Their framework, thus, provides a classification of project CSFs into four groups; namely, project manager, team members, organization, and external environment. Additionally, the framework by Belassi and Tukel (1996) provides an explicit and systematic way for examining the intra-relationships between factors in different groups. This scheme provides grouping of project success factors, however it is generic rather than industry specific. Another interesting study is by Cooke-Davies (2002, p.185), in which he introduce s a set of questions for the purpose of grouping of CSFs, such as; What factors are critical to project management success?; What factors are critical to success of an individual project?; and What factors lead to consistently successful projects? Moreover, he distinguishes between project management success and project success by claiming that project management success is the satisfaction of traditional criteria of time, cost and quality, whereas, project success is the satisfaction of the overall project objectives. Then, he proposes 12 CSFs, which he extracts from multi-national organizations activities and practical actions. Additionally, although his proposed CSFs are not directly related to human factors, he points out that people have intrinsic importance to all project processes. On the other hand, CSFs introduced by Clarke (1999) involve effective communication, clear projects objectives and scope, decomposing project into manageable size, using project plans as working documents, whereas, Nicholas (2004) proposes a set of CSFs, which are grouped into three categories: project participants, communication and information sharing and exchange, and the project management/systems development process. Based on an analysis of the literature it can be concluded that there is not a consistent CSF framework. Rather there are different perspectives of what constitute CSFs, depending on how the authors identify and classify them. Moreover, although early literature on project management does not consider project success criteria, containing the focus to CSFs, subsequent studies attempt to close the gap between CSFs and project success criteria, both of which impact on project success. In addition to this, recently developed CSFs are more complex than those of the previ ous decade as more recent CSFs cover both hard and soft aspects of project management such as the competence of the project manager and the project team members and leadership. The challenge to determine relevant CSFs over the full life of a project has been attracting growing interest in recent publications. 2.6 Critical Success Factors and the Project Life Cycle: According to Mintzberg (Mintzberg et al, 1998) many academicians, especially in the strategy development field have stated the necessity for better project implementation. Nevertheless, Walker and Rowlinson (2008) argue that mainstream literature in the project management and strategy field fails to address these issues because it views implementation: As a lesser form of intellectual pursuit than strategy and planning (Walker and Rowlinson, 2008, p.32). Furthermore, Belassi and Tukel (1996) contribute to this issue by claiming that when it comes to project implementation issues, project management literature focuses more on improving tools and techniques such as scheduling, or project failure, rather than on success. However, such position is understandable, as to identify the success factors of a project is a more complex task than identifying failure factors, mainly because of the following reasons. First, parties involved in a project tend to see project success differently and therefore, each party may allocate different success criteria to each phase (Pinto and Slevin, 1987; Pinto and Prescott 1988; Baker et al 1983; Belout and Gauvreau, 2004; Fowler and Walsh, 1999). Several academicians have proposed models in attempts to capture the processes which a project undergoes during its life. Adams and Barndt (1998), King and Cleland (1983) and Westland (2006) support the model which consists of the following four stages: initiation/conceptualisation, planning, execution / implementation and closure / termination. Pinto and Prescott (1988) propose empirically derived CSFs for each of the phases over the project life-cycle and CSFs proposed for implementation phase are mission, trouble-shooting, schedule/plan, technical tasks, and client consultation. Their work was later criticized unsuccessfully by some authors, including Belout (1998) and Belout and Gauvreau (2004), whose result s were found to support those of Pinto and Prescott (1988). Third, Belassi and Tukel (1996), Clarke (1999) and King (1996) argue that the CSFs may not directly affect the project outcome. It is the combination of these factors at different project life-cycle stages that influences the success of the project. They also add that due to uniqueness of a project, some CSFs may be missing or become irrelevant for some projects and therefore covering as many factors as possible that could influence the project would be of little or no help to project manager. Moreover, Adams and Brandt (1988) remind us that projects are not static entities; rather they change significantly as they progress through their life-cycle stages. Finally, as Belout and Gauvreau (2004), Bellasi and Tukel (1998), Fryer, Antony and Douglas (2007) argue that the relevance of the CSFs vary across different industries. For example, Belout and Gauvreau (2004) found that in the IT industry, with the exception of client ac ceptance, all other factors proposed by Pinto and Prescott (1988) are critical to success. In construction and engineering industries, on the other hand, client acceptance is critical. 2.7 Non Profit Projects: According to Ba Khang Lin Moe (2008), Non Profit Projects plays a significant role in the socio economic development process of both developed and developing countries. In business literature, indicators of success of the business organization are typically assessed against the profit it gains. But what makes NGOs become effective and efficient, as their work is not driven by the profit motive? It is widely accepted that the non-profit sector has not yet developed its own theoretical framework of management, because of the fact that they do not possess a bottom line against which to measure success; organizational standards of performance simply do not exist. Contrary to the corporate sector, NGOs often promote vague and non-quantifiable objectives such as improving human rights, protecting the environment, or advocating democracy. To be more specific, the primary objective of non-profit organizations is to change the quality aspects of the human life or transform societies, thus ma king assessment of effectiveness extremely difficult. As Fowler (1997, p172 ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °points out, Establishing performance criteria for non-profits and then using them for comparative purposes is a conceptual and practical headache. NGO capacity-building is tied up with indicators of organizational effectiveness or project success (Eade, 1997 ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °. In other words, capacity of an NGO should be constructed against indicators the NGO lacks or is weak in. Since NGOs greatly vary within themselves and within different development contexts, as stated above there is no formal consensus on standardized determinants of organizational effectiveness or project success, particularly of NGO development activities with grassroots people. Therefore, assessing the NGO capacity or project performance should be done based on the particular context of individual NGOs and their project activities ¼Ã‹â€ Kanter, 1979; Drucker, 1993) 2.8 Characteristics of Non Profit Projects compared to For- Profit Projects: Non profit projects have distinctive characteristics compared to the For-profit projects and Youker (1999) states the differences between International development projects; one of the important types of non-profit projects and the other for-profit projects. First of all, compared to hard type industrial and infrastructure projects, Development projects as soft type projects with their less tangible social objectives and deliverables pose a special challenge in managing and evaluating of Development projects (Do and Tun, 2008). In addition to their less tangible objectives and deliverables, the complex web of the many stakeholders is an IDP characteristic that results in another management challenge (Youker, 1999). To illustrate, compared with industrial and commercial projects, which involve the client, who pays for and receives the deliverables of the project, and the contractor, who manages and obtains the desired result (Do and Tun, 2008). Development projects involve a web of st akeholders, including the coordinator as the head of the project management unit; the task manager as the supervisor of the project implementation in the multilateral development agency; the national supervisor, to whom the coordinator reports; the project team; the steering committee as an interface with the local institutional system; the beneficiaries as those actually benefit from the project outputs without paying for it; the population at large. In addition, ensuring accountability of the project manager is more troublesome within this complex web of stakeholders (Diallo and Thuillier, 2004) as opposed to traditional projects. Youker (1999) based on his study of evaluations of World Bank IDP post- project reports, outlines a number of IDP management challenges in addition to the above mentioned. He states that the lack of shared perception and agreement on the objectives of the projects by staff and stakeholders, as well as, the lack of commitment by the team, management and stakeholders as the problems that had been most persistent during implementing Development projects. Also, Youker (1999) counts the lack of detailed, realistic, and current project plans, unclear lines of authority and responsibility, the lack of adequate resources, poor feedback and control mechanisms for early detection of problems, poor or no analysis of major risk factors, delays caused by bureaucratic administration systems as other challenges that had occurred frequently during IDP implementations in past. 2.8 Conceptualising Critical Success Factors for Non-Profit Projects: Eventhough, identifying critical success factors is one of the most popular topics among researchers and practitioners; there are very few research conducted on Non-profit projects. One of the studies that identified in the literatures was the research conducted by Do Tun (2008). Do and Tun (2008) studied on critical success factors of International Development Projects (IDP), a kind of non profit projects followed by Diallo and Thuiller (2004; 2005) have developed a framework based on an adaptation of the Logical Framework Approach (LFA), which is a general methodology commonly used by the development community to design, plan, manage and communicate their projects, for IDP context. Their proposed framework focuses on project life cycle, and then assesses the success of each phase based on the outputs produced by the previous phase. As a consequence, these partial successes are integrated into an assessment of the overall success of the IDP according to the Life-Cycle-Based framewo rk.

Online Store Essays -- Technology, Apple, Inc.

The product is more important to brand Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing consumer electronics and closely related software products. It is formerly Apple Computer Inc. that was established in Cupertino, California on April 1, 1976 by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs. Apple develops, sells, and supports a series of personal computers, portable media players, mobile phones, computer software, and computer hardware and hardware accessories. As of September 2007, the company operates about 200 retail stores in five countries and an online store where hardware and software products are sold. The iTunes Store provides music, audiobooks, iPod games, music videos, episodes of television programs, and movies which can be downloaded using iTunes on Mac or Windows, and also on the iPod touch and the iPhone. The company's best-known hardware products include the Macintosh line of personal computers, the iPod line of portable media players, and the iPhone. (Apple Inc. , 2011) In the late 1970s, Jobs, with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, Mike Markkula and others, designed, developed, and marketed one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the Apple II series. .Jobs' history in business has contributed much to the symbolic image of the idiosyncratic, individualistic Silicon Valley entrepreneur, emphasizing the importance of design and understanding the crucial role aesthetics play in public appeal. His work driving forward the development of products that are both functional and elegant has earned him a devoted following (Apple minus Steve Jobs, 2010). However, Steve Jobs as CEO of Apple who is leading the consumer technology wor... ...th the development of high technology, some new products continuously appear, new product design and development is a crucial factor in the survival of a company. In an industry that is changing fast, firms must continually revise their design and range of products. As a purchaser in today’s marketplace, we can choose from an astounding array of brands. For many categories, there is little product differentiation yet a multitude of brands are available. Apple is consistently coming out with new innovations to keep their products interesting, while also keeping up with the demands of modern technology. The bottom line: Apple delivers outstanding products consistently that receive high consumer ratings, causing consumers to keep coming back for more. Brand, of course, can be a soul of a company as long-term loyalty can be established only with a sustained campaign.

Ethics Position Paper

Ethics Position Paper Q575 – Dr. Elliot June 7, 2010 University of Phoenix Introduction Today, people can make decisions that can have a profoundly positive or negative effect on their family, their employer, coworkers, a nation, and even on the entire world. The life we lead whether professional or personal reflects the strength of a single trait: our personal character. Ethics are different for each person both on a professional and personal level. For the most part, people want to be known as a good person, someone who can be trusted, and that he or she is concerned about his or her relationships and personal reputations. I therefore conclude that professional ethics are indeed influenced by personal ethics and values. Although professional ethics guidelines are provided by our government (federal and local), employer and education, personal values and ethics are also considered at the same time. What are Ethics? Let’s begin with the definition of ethics. Ethics can be defined with more than one meaning based upon the context and subject it is being used. In philosophy, ethics is the study and evaluation of human conduct in the light of moral principles. Moral principles may be viewed either as the standard of conduct that individuals have constructed for themselves or as the body of obligations and duties that a particular society requires of its members. A second definition or meaning of ethics is motivation-based on ideas of right and wrong. Portman defines ethics as â€Å"standards of conduct, standards that indicate how one should behave based on moral duties and virtues, which themselves are derived from principles of right and wrong. In order to apply this definition to practical decision making it is necessary to specify the nature of the moral obligations considered intrinsic to ethical behavior† (http://sun. menloschool. org/~sportman/ethics/definition. html). I agree with this definition in fact I believe that ethics are different for every person due to personal values and experiences. There are general ethics that most people adhere to because of the societal mores and morals we all have been exposed to and abide by. There are also other morals and mores that are picked up along the way that vary between people because of cultures, communities, families, heredity etc. I feel that I may not look at the same situation or case the same as another person and we may never agree upon the same methods to go about resolving an issue. This occurs because we all have differences of opinions and value systems. For example, I have nothing against people who are gay I just do not encourage nor discourage the behavior; I allow others to live their lives according to what is best for them. The same goes with ethics. Although my job may say I must intervene in a situation but my own personal ethics prevent me from acting professionally because I feel people should be allowed to live and learn. Overall, ethics and ethical positions will vary from researcher to researcher because they do not have all of the same goals nor do they see things in the â€Å"same light†. Ethics in Educational Research Although I think that ethics vary between individuals I believe that professional ethics are important in protecting those participants of research. I do not think that research should be based on the personal interests of the researcher but I think every person has a level of discernment that should be used especially when other lives are involved. General ethics play a huge role in education because first education is where ethics are taught. After learning about ethics students can then analyze the ethics they can identify and it soon becomes apparent that ethics are involved in most life situations. As future teacher honesty would be my biggest ethical commitment. I choose honesty because with today’s technology and increased use of online educational institutions, people can copy and paste whatever they need in order to be successful. Student’s academic honesty will help me to give them the accurate grade they deserve and not have to punish students who are caught cheating/plagiarizing information. Ethics also keep researchers from publishing false information and also prevent them from being lazy about the research. Mainly it protects the participants of research and also protects the researcher from being accused of unethical practice if they indeed follow those practices. Ethics and Today I recently heard a report on the news that the World Health Organization is being accused of over exaggerating the Swine flu pandemic. When I first heard about Swine flu I believed that is was a scare tactic in order to get people to get those shots. WHO performed unethically in my opinion however they believe that many people died from this disease and the swine flu should not be minimized. Ethics today are still very important especially when other people’s lives are involved. While some people find it easy to break ethical standards others follow the guidelines and remain neutral. The swine flu pandemic created worried people and families going in masses to get the vaccine. Today we still need ethics because not every has the best interest of others when conducting research. Federal standards require research to abide by ethical standards. It is up to each individual to utilize those standards and incorporate them into personal values that may influence society later. Conclusion Ethics vary from person to person due to the differences in values and cultural backgrounds and even education. We do not all interpret information the same way and therefore will not be able to apply the same amount or ethics in any given situation. Furthermore professional and personal ethics affect each other depending upon the specific situation being researched. Also every subject will yield a different set of ethics and values. Therefore ethics are not only subjective in content but objective in nature. References McMillan, J. , & Schmacher, S. (2006). Ch. 6 Ethical and Legal Considerations. Research in Education: Evidence-Based Inquiry, Sixth Edition, Pearson Education, Inc. McMillan, J. , & Schmacher, S. (2006). Ch. 12 Research Ethics: Roles and Reciprocity. Research in Education: Evidence-Based Inquiry, Sixth Edition, Pearson Education, Inc. Portman, S. (unknown). What are ethics? Retrieved from http://sun. menloschool. org/~sportman/ethics/definition. html

Importance Of College Education Essay

A college education is a necessary ingredient for a good job and comfortable lifestyle. In fact, all parents would love to see their children find successful, rewarding careers. Everyone rejoices when a child in their family graduates in college and finds a rewarding and fulfilling job related to one’s chosen field of interest. It’s no secret that a college education can help expand one’s horizons and increase one’s earning power.   Consider some of the statistics and one will be convinced of its importance. Around 84% say that it is extremely (37%) or very (47%) important to have a college degree in order to get ahead. About 62% of parents of high school students say that a college education is absolutely necessary for their child, another 35% say it’s helpful but not necessary, and only 3% say that it’s not that important. Strong majorities say it is absolutely essential that college students gain a sense of maturity and how to manage on their own (71%) and learn to get along with people different from themselves (68%). Americans are divided when it comes to the value of college education especially when the figures are mentioned. Forty-seven percent say that a person gets enough out of a college education to justify spending from $7,000 to $18.000 a year for it, as compared to 40% who think the expense is not justified. But there is no doubt that a lot of people regard a college education as a process that students must undergo to gain general life skills (Mullan, 2003). This, despite the fact that most schools have increased their tuition fees, excluding the cost of books, laboratory expenses and other miscellaneous expenses one incurs in the course of studying. For many families, college will be their second biggest long-term savings goal, other than savings for retirement. (Clark, 2004). There are now tools which can be used to help equip a person as he steps in college (The Education Imperative. Importance of a College Education). Surveys that were conducted regarding the importance of college education reveal that all leaders agree that a strong higher education system is vitally important to the well-being of American society. The U.S. Census Bureau states there is â€Å"a significant disparity between the incomes of those who graduate from college and those who don’t.† (How a College Education can pay off). The survey respondents were nearly unanimous in their view that â€Å"a strong higher education system is a key to the continued economic growth. In addition, the report found an overwhelming majority of leaders believe it is essential to insure that higher education is accessible to every qualified and motivated student. Approximately 92 % of respondents think that society should not allow the price of a college education to prevent qualified and motivated students from attending college. The leaders also agreed that the vast majority of qualified and motivated students can get a college education if they want one and that lack of student motivation and responsibility is a more important obstacle than lack of money (Mullan, 2003). Although education expenses are high, investing in a college education pays off. Recent studies show that employees with degrees earn, on average, 85 percent more than those with just a high school diploma.   They are given more opportunities in finding fulfilling jobs. This earnings gap is tremendous and can be as much as $1 million over a lifetime. Thus, parents need to encourage their children to continue higher studies rather than to work right after high school even if that entails additional expenses for them and more tightening of the belt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   REFERENCES Clark, W.   2004. Universal College Grant. Retrieved Feb. 10, 2007 at: http://www.clark04.com/issues/highereducation/    How a College Education can pay off. Retrieved Feb. 10, 2007 at: http://www.americanfunds.com/college/importance/college-benefits.htm    Mullan, M, 2003. College Students Stress Importance of   Education to Pupils, Retrieved Feb. 10, 2007 at: http://www.gazette.net/200338/collegepark/news/178428-1.html The Education Imperative. Importance of a College Education. Retrieved Feb. 10, 2007 at: http://gearup.ous.edu/college_importance.php   

Influential Person essays

Influential Person essays Everyone is affected by certain events or individuals. At times a drastic change can occur due to their presence and opinions. Someone might consider the influence one has and how the environment impacts his or her personality. Many people have influenced me during my life. The most influential person Ive come across has been my sister. Ever since I was a little boy I would look up to her. She was always there for me, and has set a positive example, my allowing my talents to grow. Growing up with such a strong role model, I developed many of her enthusiasms. My sister faced many challenges when she first arrived to this country. It was harder for her to become accustomed to a new language and society. She faced all the barriers that were placed in her way. When I arrived from school she would always tell me how much she missed Bolivia and how she wanted to go back. Even though her guidance counselor always gave her a hard time about her lack of academic potential, she strived to prove him and all other doubters wrong. Her actions influenced me to take the next step. This year during the summer I was suppose to attend STEP a program required for all students receiving EOF. I didnt want to come and waste my summer at school, but I saw that it would help me academically. I followed my sisters enthusiasm for learning and I am glad that I attended STEP, because it prepared me for my first semester at college. My sister has been blessed with traits some people would die for. She possesses patience and the willingness to help others. There are people that would not assist others because of their lack of patience. She made a big impact in my life by always being there when I needed her. Whenever I needed help she was there whether it was for homework or for a talk. I remember one day when I was furious about an occurrence in school. When I came home I had a negative response to ...

Art and aesthetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Art and aesthetics - Essay Example Therefore, the definition of art proper; is the art as a means of expression, since the other aspects of art, such as art as a craft and art as a magic have no real bearing on the essence and the meaning that art has to create, if it is not applied as a means of expression (Collingwood, 105). This is because, under circumstances where art is to be defined as a craft, then it must be divided into the elements of; means and the end (Collingwood, 108). However, it is apparent that art is not divisible into the components of a means and an end, but unfortunately the various answers that have been given to responding to the question; what is art, has always suggested that it is so. Therefore, there is a need to refute the claims that are postulated by the hypothesis that art is divisible into the components of means and end, where the technical theory of art defines the component of means as arousing emotion (Collingwood, 108). This hypothesis tries to indicate that art is a means of brin ging onto the fore, something that has already been determined as desirable, so that it eventually influences the way an individual feels. The factual truth about art is that it is not a means that arouses feelings and emotions, but it has some element of interacting with emotions, but what it does clearly resembles arousing emotions, but it is not arousing it (Collingwood, 108). Therefore, the real definition of art has something to do with emotions and their arousal, but clearly exists in two different ways, one being the unexpressed emotion, where an individual feels the emotions in a helpless and oppressive way, considering that such emotions are in existence, but then they have not been streamed into action so that they can be understood, rather remaining suppressed within an individual, thus sitting in as just oppressive (Collingwood, 109). The second nature of emotions is the emotions in expressed way, which then refers to the emotions that the individual has allowed to be kn own, and as such they are fully expressed and exploited, and they have therefore been removed from the unconscious part of the individual, into being conscious feelings, which has something to do with the way the individual is feeling the emotions. Through expressed feelings, an individual’s mind is freed of the baggage of the emotions, and thus the sense of oppression has completely vanished and the mind becomes eased and somehow lightened by the unburdening of the feelings (Collingwood, 110). This serves as the real meaning of art, and thus the response to the question what is art, can be responded to by stating that; art is a means through which an individual eases and lightens their mind, through unburdening the oppressive emotions inside them, by allowing the burden to vanish into the audience. Therefore, to express emerge as becoming conscious of an emotion, which then means it is not practically possible to apply a differentiation between means and end, when it comes t o the functionality of art (Collingwood, 111). Thus, there is a need to differentiate the philosophical meaning of art and work of art, considering that it is through a work of art that the aspects of planning and execution can be differentiated, but there is completely no way of differentiating planning and exec

Abortion is Just As Immoral As Murder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Abortion is Just As Immoral As Murder - Essay Example I believe that abortion is one of the many ways that is slowly destroying and wearing away the principles and integrity of civilization. Many women make so many excuses to abort the child that is growing in their womb. They believe there are numerous ethical reasons to abort their children such as fear of having or raising a child, rape, or not having enough money to raise up a child in a good and stable world. Whatever the situation might be, the only conclusion of the matter is: it was the woman’s choice to engage herself in sexual relations and therefore, must face the consequences and effects that she knows will eventually happen. There is never an adequate reason to consider aborting an unborn human being as ethical. First of all, in whatever case, the unborn child does not have any fault to the suffering or pain that his or her conception might have caused so taking away their life is inequitable. It is solely of the parents’ doing and the parents, therefore, are the only ones accountable and responsible for the actions they have taken. In addition, unborn babies are never, in any way, responsible for the situation that their parents might be facing, so what possible ethical and moral reason can you provide for their unjust death? They, just like any other human being on this planet, have the absolute right and privilege to be able to live out their lives and grow into a normal individual. Abortion is never necessary; because destroying something that one has not created or given the authority to do so is never considered okay. There are always many alternative solutions and better options to resolve unwanted pregnancy apart from abortion. Second, in cases of rape and maybe in all cases, abortion no matter how one looks at it does not come any close to being the best and most reasonable option as it causes not only the death of life but also the mother’s emotional death.